Analysis of this circuit is simplified by the fact that the output has only two states: V out low (Vol) or V out hi (Voh). In this circuit, Voh is equal to the positive supply voltage and Vol is ...

Considerations for dividing analog and digital blocks. Decoupling techniques. Breaking down the board layers. How best to deal with grounding. Similar to building a house, it’s essential to create a ...

Different challenges have to be overcome when designing integrated circuits. Besides schematic and layout design work, verification in view of the non-ideal behavior of circuits and semiconductor ...

Digital circuit design is largely automated today, but most analog components still are designed manually. This may change soon. As analog design grows increasingly complex and error-prone, design ...

(Editor's Note: There are links to the previous parts of this series at the end, below the author's biography.) Determining if one voltage is greater than or less than another voltage is the job for a ...