Hidden Markov models (HMMs) provide a robust statistical framework for analysing sequential data by assuming that the observed processes are driven by underlying, unobserved states. These models have ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...

Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...