Walk around any contract manufacturer and you will see plenty of ICT (In-Circuit Test) machines. If you see any functional testers, they will be specialty systems specified or even owned by their ...

The cost of manufacturing printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) has always been a concern for original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and contract manufacturers (CM). This is one of the reasons why ...

For testing PCBs, test engineers have a variety of options ranging from venerable in-circuit testers and flying probers to functional testers and the latest in embedded-instrument technology.

What methods can be applied to verify PCB functionality and safety? Which are suitable for mass production and for prototypes? What parameters are checked in each test? How to check a PCB without ...