Surgery for refractory constipation should be a last resort, used only after comprehensive physiologic and psychological ...

A new clinical practice update outlines a stepwise approach to diagnosing and managing refractory constipation before ...

A new update from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) is calling for greater caution before surgery is ...

Chronic migraine becomes “refractory” when preventive treatments don’t work to reduce the frequency of episodes. Treatment may include complementary therapies like neuromodulation. Migraine can often ...